Saturday, December 6, 2025

Armed Forces Flag Day


The Armed Forces Flag Day or the Flag Day of India is a day dedicated to honouring the soldiers and veterans of India's armed forces. It has been observed annually in India on December 7 since 1949.

History-                                                                                                                                              Immediately after India achieved independence, a need arose for the government to manage the welfare of its defence personnel. On August 28, 1949, a committee set up under the defence minister decided to observe a Flag Day annually on December 7. The idea behind observing a Flag Day was to distribute small flags to the general population and in return collect donations. Flag Day gains more significance as it considers that it is the responsibility of the civilian population of India to take care of the families and dependents of the armed forces personnel who fight for the country.

Jawaharlal Nehru, who was then Prime Minister of India, on December 7, 1954, said:

A few weeks ago, I visited Indo-China and saw our officers and men attached to the International Commission there. It gave me a thrill to see their smart bearing and the good work they were doing in that distant land. What pleased me still more was their general popularity with the people there. By their efficiency as well as their friendliness, they enhanced the reputation of India. Among them were people from all parts of India. They observed no provincial or other differences amongst themselves. I am sure my countrymen will be pleased to learn of them and would like to indicate their appreciation of these young men who serve our country both here and elsewhere so well. A way to indicate that appreciation is to contribute to the Flag Day Fund.

The flag of the Indian Armed Forces is similar to that of the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence, first utilised in 1956, and is a common colour scheme in British-aligned territories, used by fellow Commonwealth nations including Cyprus, Kenya and Nigeria.

Significance and purpose-                                                                                                                            An Army Officer pinning the lapels on the Minister of State for Defence, Dr. M.M. Pallam Raju, on the occasion of Armed Forces Flag Day, in 2010                                                                                                Flag Day serves to promote three basic causes:                                                                                    Rehabilitation of battle casualties                                                                                                                  Welfare of serving personnel and their families                                                                                  Resettlement and welfare of ex-servicemen and their families

The Armed Forces Flag Day commemoration and the collection of funds through distribution of flags. It is a time for Indians to express its gratitude and appreciation to the current and veteran military personnel of India and to acknowledge those who died in service to the country.

On the Flag Day all three branches of the Indian armed forces, the Indian Army, the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy, arrange a variety of shows, carnivals, dramas and other entertainment programmes to showcase to the general public the efforts of their personnel to ensure national security. Throughout the country small flags and car flags in red, deep blue and light blue colours representing the three Services are distributed in return for donations.

Flag Day Fund-                                                                                                                                        The original Flag Day Fund was set up in 1949, by the Defence Minister's Committee. In 1993, the Defence Ministry of India consolidated related welfare funds into a single Armed Forces Flag Day fund. Those funds include,

Amalgamated Special Fund for War Bereaved, War Disabled and other ex-Servicemen/Serving Personnel

Flag Day Fund, St Dunstan's (India) and Kendriya Sainik Board Fund, Indian Gorkha Ex-Servicemen's Welfare Fund.

Fund collection-                                                                                                                                            The Chief of Army Staff, General Bipin Rawat commemorating the Armed Forces Flag Day, in New Delhi on December 07, 2017

The fund collection is managed throughout the country by the local arms of the Kendriya Sainik Board (KSB), which is part of the Ministry of Defence. The collection is organised both by official and non-official means through voluntary organisations. Though welfare of the ex-servicemen and their dependents is the joint responsibility of the union government, and the governments of States and Union Territories (UTs), majority of the problems have to be resolved only by the States and UTs. Like the Kendriya Sainik Board at the centre, the Rajya / Zila Sainik Boards are responsible for policy formulation and implementation of resettlement and welfare schemes for ex-servicemen, widows and their dependents residing in their respective States / UTs / Districts. To assist the Central Government in this regard, there are 32 Rajya Sainik Boards and 392 Zila Sainik Boards in the country.

The Secretary KSB advises the Department of Sainik Welfare in the States / UTs on the policies for resettlement and welfare of ex-servicemen, widows and seeks reports from the Director, Department Sainik Welfare / Secretary RSB and Zila Sainik Welfare Officer / Secretary ZSB, on implementation of policies and success in resettling ex-servicemen, widows, disabled personnel invalidated out from the Service and their dependents. Advice is also rendered on the welfare schemes required for the clientele, which are financed from funds allotted by the Governments of States / UTs and the Amalgamated Special Funds. The Fund is operated by a Managing Committee presided over by the Defence Minister at the centre and by the executive heads of the governments in the States and Union Territories. When the Armed Forces Flag Day programme was introduced, the fund allocation was managed in such a way that the Central KSB headquarters is given only a very small share of the Flag Day Fund collections made by each state. The allotted funds for the KSB is only half a paisa per individual in the state.

Stating that the Armed Forces of India safeguard the land, the sea and the aerial sovereignty of the nation, Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari appealed to the people to donate to the armed forces flag fund that is used for the welfare of the families of martyrs, ex-servicemen, war disabled and others.

“I personally believe that a donation to the armed forces flag fund will earn more ‘punya’ than donating at a place of worship”, said the Governor.

The Governor inaugurated the Armed Forces Flag Day by making his donation to the Flag Fund at Sahyadri State Guest House at Malabar Hill in Mumbai on Saturday (7th Dec).

The Governor congratulated the Collectors of Mumbai Suburban District Milind Borikar and City Collector Shivajirao Jondhale for surpassing their targets of flag fund collection for the last year.

Representatives of philanthropic trusts, schools, banks, government offices and individuals were presented trophies for their support to the Armed Forces fund raising initiative.

Vice Admiral Ajit Kumar P., Flag Officer Commanding in Chief, Western Naval Command, Maj. Gen. Raj Sinha, Chief Staff Officer, Indian Army, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa Area, Valsa Nair Singh, Principal Secretary, General Administration Department, Shivajirao Daund, Divisional Commissioner, Konkan, Group Captain S M Bawle of Maritime Air Operations and Laxminarayan Mishra, Director, Sainik Welfare were present.

Mahaparinirvana Day


Mahaparinirvana Day is the memorial day of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and is celebrated on 6 December. Ambedkar passed away on 6 December 1956 in Delhi, and was cremated on 7 December at Chaityabhoomi in Mumbai , according to Buddhist tradition. Before his death, he converted to Buddhism on 14 October 1956 along with lakhs of followers, and is considered a ' bodhisattva ' by Buddhists. Ambedkar was a Buddhist guru, hence the term ' Mahaparinirvana ' from the Buddhist concept has been used for his death anniversary. On the occasion of Mahaparinirvana Day, lakhs of people from all over India visit Chaityabhoomi , his burial place in Mumbai, from 1 December onwards . More than 2.5 lakh followers of Bhima gather at Chaityabhoomi and pay homage to Ambedkar's ashes and statue kept in the Chaityabhoomi Stupa and have darshan of Babasaheb. On this day, Ambedkarites in India and around the world pay homage to Ambedkar by placing his portrait and statue in front of him. They pay homage to him at local Buddhist monasteries ( Buddhist temples ), at their own homes, in public places, in schools and colleges, in government offices, etc. Political leaders and others pay homage to Ambedkar memorials in public places of Babasaheb. 

Earlier, Mahaparinirvana Day was a public holiday in the states of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh . In the backdrop of Corona, in 2020, instead of going to Chaityabhoomi in person, followers were urged to send letters to the Chaityabhoomi address and pay their respects to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the 64th Mahaparinirvana Day. Thousands of letters were sent to Chaityabhoomi in many languages ​​​​such as Urdu, Hindi, Marathi, English, Telugu. This also provided financial support to the postal department.

Background-                                                                                                                                                On December 6, 1956, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar passed away at his residence in Delhi . After that, his body was brought to Rajgriha ( Dadar ) in Mumbai. On December 7, 1956, he was cremated in the Buddhist manner in the Hindu crematorium on the seashore at Shivaji Park in front of 12 lakh followers. At that time, the place was known only as a Hindu crematorium. A few years later, a Chaitya was built over Ambedkar's sacred ashes. A large Buddhist community of lakhs from all parts of India comes to Chaityabhoomi (Dadar) Shivaji Park in Mumbai every year from December 1 to pay homage and pay respect to Ambedkar. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and Ambedkarite volunteers take great care of these communities. The crowd of devout followers who come every year keeps increasing enormously. 25 lakh followers come to Chaityabhoomi to have darshan of Babasaheb's ashes and greet him. Dr. The Chaityabhoomi memorial is a place of inspiration for Ambedkar's followers and thinkers as well as people from across the country and abroad. 

Since 2002, activists of the Ambedkar movement have established the 'Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Mahaparinirvana Day Coordination Committee' and have been working diligently to provide services and facilities to the followers by coordinating with the Municipal Corporation administration and involving all the institutions. The 61st Mahaparinirvana Day was celebrated in 2017. It has been decided to organize such a Mahaparinirvana Day from this year onwards by observing 15 minutes of silence, paying homage to Buddha, and by maintaining disciplined and auspicious friendship towards humanity.

Bhimrao Ambedkar is a prominent name in Indian democracy. He played numerous roles as a social reformer, economist, politician, and jurist in his lifespan. While his birthday is celebrated as Bhimrao Ambedkar Jayanti, his death anniversary is recognised as Mahaparinirvan Diwas. This day is observed on December 6, every year. Ahead of the Mahaparinirvan Diwas, here are some inspirational quotes by BR Ambedkar that you can share to drive a change.

Mahaparinirvan Diwas Inspiration Quotes-                                                                                            Here are some of the Mahaparinivaran Diwas inspirational quotes: "Educate, Agitate, Organize." – Dr. BR Ambedkar "I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "Cultivate the habit of being content." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "The progress of any society depends on the progress of its weaker sections."– Dr BR Ambedkar. "Law and order are the medicine of the body politic and when the body politic gets sick, medicine must be applied." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "We are Indians, firstly and lastly." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "A great man is different from an eminent one in that he is ready to be the servant of the society." – Dr BR Ambedkar. "The battle for freedom is not the same as the battle for equality." – Dr. BR Ambedkar. "If I find the Constitution being misused, I shall be the first to burn it." – Dr BR Ambedkar.

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Ambedkar-                                                                                                                                      Mahaparinirvan Diwas Long Quotes-                                                                                                          "I like the religion that teaches liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is the religion that gives man the right to think, the right to speak, the right to act according to his understanding, and the right to live a life of dignity and honour. Without it, no man can be truly free or equal, and without it, no society can truly prosper." – Dr BR Ambedkar.

"We must begin by acknowledging that there are two systems of life and society, one that is based on inequality, and the other that is based on justice. I chose the latter, and I firmly believe that the future belongs to those who believe in the ideals of equality and justice." – Dr BR Ambedkar.

"On this day, as we remember my Mahaparinirvan, I urge you all to reflect on the true meaning of liberty, equality, and fraternity. When I crafted the Constitution of India, I did so with the belief that every individual, irrespective of their birth or background, should have the same opportunity to grow, develop, and live a life of dignity. It is through education, social reform, and the fight against discrimination that we can fulfil this vision." – Dr BR Ambedkar.

Mahaparinivan diwas-                                                                                                                                "The progress of any society depends on the progress of its weaker sections. When the weak become strong, the entire society benefits. If we truly wish to change the world, we must work to ensure that everyone, regardless of caste, religion, or gender, is given an equal chance to succeed.” – Dr BR Ambedkar.

"The Constitution is not a mere legal document; it is a tool for social transformation. It is a promise to the people of India that they will be treated with dignity and fairness, irrespective of their social or economic status." – Dr BR Ambedkar.

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Friday, December 5, 2025

Datta Jayanti


Datta Jayanti is celebrated on the full moon day of Margashirsha in the Hindu calendar. Datta Jayanti celebrations in Amalner. This day is celebrated as the birthday of Lord Dattatreya . It is celebrated across the country, and especially in Maharashtra, on the full moon day of the month of Margashirsha (Agrahayana) according to the Hindu calendar (December/January).

Datta Sect-                                                                                                                                                    Datta Jayanti Festival Raipatan (Taluka Rajapur) .Dattatreya continued his work of serving the downtrodden and eradicating suffering and ignorance in society. After him, Shripad Shrivallabh , Shri Narsimha Saraswati and Vasudevananda Saraswati are considered to be his incarnations. Datta's places are in Prayag , and in Maharashtra, in places like Audumbara , Gangapur , Mahur , Narsimhawadi , Kuravpur, and Kardalivan. The famous book Gurucharitra, written on the work of Shri Dattatreya, is read with devotion. 

Deity form-                                                                                                                                                  Dattatreya or Datta was the son of sage Atri and mother Anasuya. Dattatreya, who has three mouths, six arms, two legs, four dogs representing the four Vedas and Kamadhenu (cow mother) near him , is a form of Brahma , Vishnu , and Mahesh. Dattatreya is considered the first guru in Hinduism. Dattatreya traveled around India with the aim of spreading Hinduism . He established his shrines (gadi) in various places and continued his tradition. The birth of Dattatreya is also mentioned in the Ananushka Parva of the Mahabharata.

Gurucharitra Reading Week-                                                                                                                    The important text of the Datta Sampradaya, associated with Lord Dattatreya, is the Shri Gurucharitra . For seven days before Datta Jayanti, devotees of Datta read this Gurucharitra, following strict rules. This reading is performed on Datta Jayanti.

Nature of the festival-                                                                                                                                  Datta Jayanti Festival Kirtan Raipatan Taluka Rajapur. On the day of Datta Jayanti, bhajans and kirtans are performed in the temple of Datta. It is believed that Datta was born in the evening, so the birth kirtan is performed at that time. The temple is illuminated. A procession of Lord Dattatreya is taken out in a palanquin. This festival is organized in various parts of India for a week. Various artists in the field of music and dance come to perform their art in this festival. Special programs are also organized for such events. This festival is celebrated with enthusiasm not only in the city but also in small villages. Food and prasad are arranged for the devotees who come. 

Guruchritra-Author of the book-                                                                                                            Saraswati Gangadhar was a disciple of Shri Narsimha Saraswati and belonged to the fifth generation of Sayandeva. Sayandeva is among the seven major disciples of Narsimha Saraswati. The Gurucharitra gives the genealogy as Sayandeva -> Nagnath -> Devrao -> Gangadhar -> Saraswati Gangadhar. It is reported in the Shri Gurucharitra that Shri Narsimha Saraswati herself ordered Saraswati Gangadhar to write the biography, and this is also traditionally believed in by the Datta Sampradaya. This book is believed to have been composed around 1480 CE. It is found written in this book that the author, Saraswati Gangadhar, was a Brahmin of the Apastamba branch and his surname was Sakhra. The Datta Sampradaya is particularly widespread in Maharashtra and South India , especially in Karnataka .

Original texts and translations-                                                                                                                  This original Marathi verse version of Shri Gurucharitra was translated into Sanskrit almost verbatim by Shri Vasudevananda Saraswati alias Tembeswami in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This Sanskrit Gurucharitra is mostly composed in anushtubh verse. Gurucharitra is considered a worship text of the Datta sect. Saraswati Gangadhar's mother tongue was Kannada. Therefore, some Kannada inscriptions are found in it.

There are many variations in the Marathi Gurucharitra. After a comparative study of the copies of many such texts, an authenticated copy of the Gurucharitra was produced in the twentieth century by Shri. Ramchandra Krishna Kamat. Kamat's copy shows a strong imprint of the Sayandev copy. Kamat's authenticated copy and the Chitrashala copy used by Shri Vamanrao Gulvani in the tradition of Vasudevanand Saraswati are the most popular copies used for the recitation of the Gurucharitra.

Topics in the book-                                                                                                                              Gurucharitra has a total of 52 chapters and 7491 verses. Mangalacharan, Gurubhakti and Guruprasad are the main topics of this book. The special thing about Gurucharitra is that Vedanta and Kriyashunya Bhakti do not have a place here. The position of Guru and the Guru-Shishya relationship are given more importance in Gurucharitra than the person Narasimha Saraswati. Topics like Avtaranika are found in this book. This book is a guide to receiving the grace of Guru, achieving success in worldly and spiritual life. Both Shripad Shrivallabh and Narasimha Saraswati are considered to be incarnations of Dattatreya. Therefore, special descriptions about them are seen in this book.

The book describes various vows, pilgrimages and pilgrimages, and the rules for how a Brahmin should perform them. Along with that, important concepts related to the Datta Sampradaya such as Ashwath, Audumbara, Bhasma etc. are explained in detail in this book, and their importance is explained. The book also provides guidance on how to anoint the body with Bhasma and how to worship Shiva. The book also explains the importance of chastity and hospitality for women. 

Historical context- During the period in which this book was written, Maharashtra was ruled by Adilshahi and Nizamshahi. Therefore, this book discusses the need to establish peace in the society without increasing religious rifts.

Recitation-                                                                                                                                                    The recitation of the book Gurucharitra is considered an important part of the Datta Sampradaya. The recitation period of the book is 7/ 18/ 28/ 34/ 37/ 43/ 51 days. One should take a bath every morning and evening and meditate. For this, one should always use the same seat. The person performing the recitation should eat light and nutritious food. One should meditate on God throughout the day. During the recitation, one should spread a blanket and sleep on the floor. During the recitation, one should maintain purity of body, mind and intellect. After the recitation is over, one should end the recitation by offering food and dakshina to Brahmins and Suvasini.

Research-                                                                                                                                                      The original Sanskrit composition of Gurucharitra is speculated by R.C. Dhere that his disciple Siddha may have composed it in Sanskrit . The original Sanskrit text is no longer available. The currently available Gurucharitra may have been composed in Marathi by Saraswati Gangadhar in 1535 AD. Researcher Dhere speculates that the basis for its composition may have been available at that time. The original Gurucharitra had 51 chapters. Some scholars believe that the Avtarnika chapter was added later. It is believed that the thoughts of both Vedic and non-Vedic traditions have been recorded in this book, but the necessary research has not been done on it yet. 

Prose Guruchari-                                                                                                                                          Many people have converted the verse-based Gurucharitra into prose. One of them is Bal Vamanbhai Panchbhai. In the book 'Shri Gurucharitra - As It Is' written by him, the essence of the stories from all 52 chapters of Guruchari is written in simple Marathi.

Dr. Sitaram Ganesh Desai (Gadgil/Vaidya), who holds M.A.P.H., has narrated the Gurucharitra in prose form in his book 'Bhavarth Gurucharitra'. A total of 52 chapters have been presented in this form of stories. When Namkarni, a devotee of Shri Guru Narasimha Saraswati, went to Gangapur to have darshan of the Guru, Siddha Muni told him about the origin of the universe, the four yugas, Gurubhakti, the Datta avatar of Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh, the biography of Shripadvallabh and the glory of the Guru. All of them are given in very simple language.

Then he has given information about Shri Gurucharitra and Shri Datta Sampradaya, the author of Shri Gurucharitra, the differences between various books, the weekly reading method, the benefits of reading, the meaning of Guru Geeta, the Marathi meaning of Kannada verses in Guruchari, Datta Bavani composed by Shri Rangavadhuta Swami, the three Datta Stotras and Karuna Tripadi composed by Shri Vasudevananda Saraswati, Datta Stotra composed by Shri Narada, Guru Ashtak of Shri Shankaracharya, an introduction to Shri Datta Sampradaya, some major Datta Kshetras, etc.

Manuscript versions of Gurucharitra-                                                                                                       According to manuscript scholar V.L. Manjul, the oldest manuscript copy of Gurucharitra is from 1695 AD. This copy has 51 chapters. So far, 100 manuscripts of Gurucharitra have been collected from various institutions. Of these, 32 manuscripts are in the Marathi Manuscript Center, while 15 manuscripts are in the Bharat Itihas Shoshod Mandal . There are about 50 manuscripts in institutions such as Bhandarkar Institute, Vedic Research Board, Deccan College and Tilak Maharashtra University . They include manuscripts such as 52 chapters, fifty-one verses, Laghu Samhita, Gurucharitra Saar and Sanskrit translation.

There is an illustrated manuscript from the collection of Sardar Kibe in the Pragya Pathshala of Wai . It contains a rare colored picture of Datta. However, in this picture, the cow is not drawn behind Datta.


Tuesday, November 25, 2025

2008 Mumbai attacks


The 2008 Mumbai attacks, also referred to as the 26/11 attacks, were a series of 12 coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks that took place from November 26 to 29 and were carried out by 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based Islamist militant organization. A total of 175 people died, including nine of the attackers, with more than 300 injured.

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower hotel, the Leopold Cafe, the Cama Hospital, the Nariman House, the Metro Cinema, and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College. In addition to the mass shootings, an explosion occurred at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by the Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining terrorists; it culminated in the death of the last remaining terrorists at the Taj Hotel and ended the attacks.

Before his execution in 2012, Ajmal Kasab, the sole surviving attacker, who was captured by Mumbai Police, stated and confessed that the terrorists were members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and were controlled from Pakistan, corroborating initial claims from the Indian Government. Initially denying the claims, Pakistan later confirmed that the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen. The subsequent capture and interrogation of David Headley, a Pakistani-American DEA informer, and Tahawwur Rana, a Canadian citizen of Pakistani origin and a former Pakistan Army Captain, who was Headley's partner, pointed to the involvement of rogue officials of Pakistan Army and ISI in the terrorist attacks, who provided support to the Lashkar-e-Taiba. Furthermore, Headley was also accused of traveling to Denmark to scout the offices of Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, which had published cartoons of Muhammad, and a nearby synagogue. The capture of Zabiuddin Ansari aka Abu Hamza in July 2012, an Indian national radicalized by Lashkar-e-Taiba, provided further clarity to the plot.

On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, was released on bail and disappeared; he was arrested again in Lahore on 2 January 2021. In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif questioned the Pakistani government's allowance of those who committed the attacks to cross into India. In 2022, one of the masterminds of the attack, Sajid Majeed Mir —who had earlier been claimed to be dead by the Pakistan Government— was convicted for funding terrorist activities by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan. Consequently, several masterminds such as LeT founder Hafiz Saeed and Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, were convicted for terror financing in 2021-22, as Pakistan went into an economic crisis after the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) threatened the Government of Pakistan to be put in the FATF Blacklist for failure to comply on money laundering and financing of terrorism.

As of September 2025, it is one of the deadliest terrorist attacks that took place in Mumbai, as well as across India. Although the casualties were lower when compared to the 2006 Mumbai train bombings, which was also planned by the Lashkar-e-Taiba and that killed 209 and injured more than 700, the 10 terrorists inflicted massive property damage worth over $1 billion by fire, grenade attacks, and gunfire. The attacks strained diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan, and made a huge impact on law enforcement and security officials to deal with such scenarios in the future. The attacks also caused a major political impact on the then ruling government led by the United Progressive Alliance, as the same year, several other cities suffered from Islamic terrorism, which were also perpetrated by Pakistani terror groups.

Background-                                                                                                                                                Many terrorist attacks had occurred in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people on 12 March 1993. The 1993 attacks were carried out as revenge for the earlier Bombay riots, in which many Muslims were killed.

On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28. The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city. On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70. On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32. On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai, killing 209 people, including 22 foreigners and more than 700 injured. According to the Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).

Training-                                                                                                                                                        A group of men said to number between 24 and 26 received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad in Pakistan.[why?] Part of the training was said to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir in Pakistan.

The recruits went through extensive training:-Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist jihadi ideas, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India and globally.                                              Basic combat: Lashkar's basic combat training and methodology course, the Daura Aam

Advanced training: Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas. According to an unnamed source at the U.S. Defense Department, this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by former members of the Pakistan Army, along with survival training and further indoctrination.

Commando training: Finally, an even smaller group was selected for specialized commando tactics training, and marine navigation training was given to the Fedayeen unit that was selected, to target Mumbai.

From the recruits, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Department of Defense official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined[when?] that former officers from Pakistan's Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given blueprints of all the four targets – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Oberoi Trident, Nariman House, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.

Attacks-                                                                                                                                                      For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.                                                    The terrorists first hijacked an Indian fishing boat and killed five people on board. The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to "mind their own business" before they split up and went in two different ways. The fishermen's' subsequent report to the police department received little response and local police failed to act.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. Bullet holes on the wall at the CSMT                                            The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) was attacked by two gunmen, Ismail Khan and Ajmal Kasab. Kasab was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30, when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire with AK-47 assault rifles. The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others, their assault ending at about 22:45. Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Announcements by a railway announcer, Vishnu Dattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the station, which saved many lives. The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Knowing that they were outgunned against the heavily armed terrorists, the police officers at the station, instead of confronting the terrorists, decided to switch off the lights and secure the gates.

The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with intent to kill patients, but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad, led by Police Chief Hemant Karkare, searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and received return fire in response. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte, and three of their officers were killed. The only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was severely wounded. Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help. A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested. A police officer, Tukaram Omble, was also killed when he tried to disarm Kasab by wrestling his weapon away from him.

Leopold Cafe- Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe                                                                                        The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites to be attacked. Two attackers, Shoaib alias Soheb and Nazir alias Abu Umer, opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November between 21:30 and 21:48, killing 10 people (including some international visitors) and injuring many more.

Bomb blasts in taxis-                                                                                                                                    Two explosions happened in taxis caused by time bombs. The first one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle, killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi, were killed, and about 15 others were injured.

Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and Oberoi Trident                                                                                                  The damaged Oberoi Trident hotel-                                                                                                          Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and the Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj Hotel – one in the lobby, two in the elevators, and three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident. At the Taj, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.

CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj Hotel had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra, stating that all hostages were freed; later that day, though, two attackers were found to be still holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Hotel.

The first floor of the Taj Hotel was completely gutted. Several members of the European Parliament Committee on International Trade were staying at the Taj Hotel when it was attacked, but none were harmed. British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Sajjad Karim (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building. Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was barricaded in a hotel room. Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack. Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely. Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot. Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking in at the Oberoi Trident, and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj Hotel. Gautam Adani, a billionaire business tycoon of India, was having dinner in the Taj on November 26; he hid in the hotel kitchen and later in the toilet, and came out safely the next morning.

Nariman House- Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks                                              Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish centre in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken over by two attackers, and several residents were held hostage. Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from Delhi, and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle,[clarification needed] one NSG commando, Sergeant Gajender Singh Bisht was killed, as were both perpetrators. Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were shot and killed along with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.

According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers "would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews". Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured. NSG Commandos beginning the assault on Nariman House by fast-roping onto the terrace.

NSG raid-                                                                                                                                                      During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel, Marine Commandos (MARCOS), and National Security Guards (NSG) commandos. When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked. Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was fatally shot during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj. 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.

NSG commandos then took on the Nariman House, and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, nine hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Sergeant Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the team that fast-roped onto Nariman House, died from injuries sustained by a grenade after a long battle in which both perpetrators were also killed. By the morning of 28 November, the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach centre at Nariman House, as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks. However, later news reports indicated that two or three attackers were still in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged. Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj, with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor. The final operation at the Taj Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks. The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj, and 60 (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House. In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai Harbour.

Attribution- Ajmal Kasab at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in his hand                            Main articles: Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The search regarding the identity of the terrorists started during the first attacks. During the searches, an unknown group calling itself the Mujahideen Hyderabad Deccan claimed responsibility for attacks in an email, which was later traced to Pakistan and was regarded as hoax. The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan and carried out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan by mobile phones and VoIP.

In July 2009, Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta. In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.

Mumbai police department originally identified 37 suspects—including two Pakistan Army officers—for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani. David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana, arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks, were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks. One of these men, Pakistani American David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani), was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks, and gathered video and GPS information on behalf of the plotters.

In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. Three men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, and Mazhar Iqbal, alias "Major Iqbal", were believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and helped plan and train the attackers.

Negotiations with Pakistan-                                                                                                                      Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani and President Asif Ali Zardari condemned the attacks. Pakistan promised to assist in the investigation, and President Zardari vowed "strong action against any Pakistani elements found involved in the attack". Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals, a claim refuted by India, and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first. Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009, and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.

The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks. In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan.

Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later. A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not co-operating by providing information for their investigation. Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village. The then Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana, but that the FBI had been more forthcoming.

An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of David Headley, was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai. The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI. He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with ISI." In 2018, during an interview with newspaper Dawn, Pakistan's former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif questioned Pakistan's inaction in preventing the Mumbai attacks.

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba.

Investigation-                                                                                                                                              According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler Kuber, killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of Kuber, Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad in Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.

David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009, Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and lead in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal. The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack and oversaw a model of the Taj Hotel, so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Hotel may be their target.

US officials believed that the ISI officers provided support to LeT militants who carried out the attacks. Disclosures made by former American intelligence contractor Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and passed the alert on to RAW on 18 November, eight days before the terrorists actually struck Mumbai. In the hours after the attack, the New York City Police Department sent Brandon del Pozo, an official from their intelligence division, to investigate the incident to understand what vulnerabilities its methods posed for New York City.

The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari, alias Abu Hamza, in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47s and RDX, which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi, but could not complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley's disclosures that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari's revelations during his interrogation.

After Ansari's arrest, Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.

In his confession, Ajmal Kasab, the only gunman captured, shared the location of LeT's training camps in Muridke, Pakistan, called as Markaz Taiba, and in Muzzafarabad, apart from the routine of their training, which included indoctrination, basic combat, advanced weapons and explosives, and commando tactics. On 7 May 2025, the Muridke camp was destroyed in a missile strike by the Indian Armed Forces in retaliation for the Pahalgam terrorist attack, which was also perpetrated by the Lashkar-e-Taiba. The strikes reportedly killed Lashkar's HQ chief Mudassar aka Abu Jundal(not to be confused with 26/11 co-conspirator Zabiuddin Ansari who used the alias Abu Jundal) among several other terrorists.

Method-                                                                                                                                                        The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time, and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh. There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state of New Jersey. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.

The attackers used a satellite phone and cell phones to talk to each other, as well as their handlers who were based in Pakistan. In transcripts intercepted by Indian authorities between the attackers and their handlers, the handlers provided the attackers with encouragement, tactical advice, and information gained from media coverage. The attackers used both personal cell phones and those obtained from their victims to communicate with each other and the news media. Although the attackers were encouraged to murder hostages, the attackers were in communication with the news media via cell phones to make demands in return for the release of hostages. This was believed to be done to further confuse Indian authorities that they were dealing with primarily a hostage situation.

Type 86 grenades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Also, indications arose that the attackers had been taking cocaine. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.

Of the 10 gunmen, nine were subsequently shot dead and one was captured by security forces. Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early 20s, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. Initially, some of the attackers reported to be British citizens, but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of 12 gunme were also later shown to be incorrect.

On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir Kasab from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Sialkot, Nazir Ahmed and Nasir from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahadullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.

On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra, informed the assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.

Attackers- Only one of the attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived the attack. He was hanged in Yerwada Central Jail in 2012.

Arrests- Main articles: Ajmal Kasab and Zabiuddin Ansari                                                                        Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested by police. At first, he deposed to police inspector Ramesh Mahale that he had come to India "to see Amitabh Bachchan's bungalow", and that he was apprehended by the Mumbai Police outside the bungalow. Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his subsequent confessions to the Mumbai police.

On 12 February 2009, Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested. Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested. Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia, Italy (east of Milan), on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring more than US$200 to Internet accounts using a false ID. They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by Interpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year's strikes.

In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in "terrorism" abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Headley, a Pakistani American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh. On 18 March 2010, Headley pleaded guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.

In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed, a retired major in the Pakistani Army, for planning the attacks in association with Headley. On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation, R&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India, for formal arrest.

On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police Department arrested Zabiuddin Ansari, alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab's arrest. Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a LeT ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008. He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities. After Ansari's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.

Sajid Mir, a Pakistani citizen and key operative of the militant Islamic extremist group LeT, is seen as one of the main organizers of the 2008 attacks. He has been called the "mastermind" and "project manager". Mir is on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's Most Wanted list and the United States Department of State offers in its Rewards for Justice Program, a reward of up to $5 million for information leading to the arrest and conviction of Mir. Mir has carried out terrorism operations in different parts of the world, including France.

Jason M. Blazakis, professor of practice at Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, stated in 2018 in The Hill: "A lethal, miasmic mix of bureaucratic inertia, diplomatic dysfunction and misperception has contributed to the fact that LeT members Sajid Mir, Mazhar Iqbal, Abu Qahafa (his nom de guerre), and their ISI handler, Major Iqbal (no relation to Mazhar), roam free."

On April 10, 2025, the NIA formally arrested Tahawwur Rana after his arrival from the U.S.

Dharmendra devol death


Dharmendra Kewal Krishan Deol (8 December 1935 – 24 November 2025), known mononymously as Dharmendra, was an Indian actor, producer and politician, primarily known for his work in Hindi films. He was widely considered one of the greatest and most commercially successful film stars in the history of Indian cinema. In a career spanning 65 years, he worked in over 300 films, holding the record for starring in the highest number of hit films in Hindi cinema.

Born in Nasrali, Punjab, Dharmendra made his debut in 1960 with Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere. He first gained popularity in the mid-1960s for films, such as Ayee Milan Ki Bela, Phool Aur Patthar and Aaye Din Bahar Ke, and achieved greater stardom in later years, being dubbed India's "He-Man" for several of his on-screen roles in Hindi films. He consistently starred in several successful Hindi films from the late-1960s to the 1980s, such as Seeta Aur Geeta, Yaadon Ki Baaraat, Sholay, Mera Gaon Mera Desh, Pratiggya, Charas, and Dharam Veer, as well as some of his acclaimed performances, include Anupama, Satyakam, and Chupke Chupke.

Beginning in the late 1990s, he appeared in character roles in several successful and acclaimed films, such as Life in a... Metro, Yamla Pagla Deewana, and Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani. In 1997, he received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to Bollywood. He was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India, representing the Bikaner constituency in Rajasthan from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The patriarch of the Deol family, Dharmendra's private life received much attention, particularly his marriages to Prakash Kaur and actress Hema Malini. For his contributions to the arts, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2012.

Early life and education- Dharmendra with his father                                                                            Dharmendra Kewal Krishan Deol was born in Nasrali, a village in Ludhiana district, Punjab, British India on 8 December 1935. He was the son of Kewal Krishan and Satwant Kaur, and was born into a Punjabi Hindu Jat family. His ancestral village is Dangon, near Pakhowal Tehsil Raikot, Ludhiana.

He spent his early life in the village of Sahnewal and studied at Government Senior Secondary School at Lalton Kalan, Ludhiana, where his father was the village school headmaster. He did his matriculation in Phagwara in 1952.

Career-                                                                                                                                                          1960–1969: Early career and rise to prominence. Dharmendra initially travelled to Mumbai without any clear pathway into the film industry and returned home in Punjab after failing to secure work, taking up employment with a drilling company. He later reapplied himself to acting after seeing an advertisement for the Filmfare magazine talent hunt, for which he returned to Mumbai and was placed second (the winner, Suresh Puri, subsequently faded from public view). Despite this early recognition, he continued to face professional difficulties and reportedly considered leaving Mumbai again until he was persuaded to stay by fellow aspiring actor Manoj Kumar. He later made his film debut in 1960 with Arjun Hingorani's romantic drama Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere. The film largely went unnoticed and as a result, did not perform that well at the box office. He saw his first commercial success in 1961 with Ramesh Saigal's Shola Aur Shabnam and followed it with hits, such as Mohan Kumar's Anpadh (1962) and Bimal Roy's Bandini (1963), which won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.

His breakthrough came in 1964 when he co-starred alongside Rajendra Kumar and Saira Banu in another of Mohan Kumar's directional venture Ayee Milan Ki Bela. It went on to become a superhit and despite playing the antagonist, Dharmendra was noticed by audience and received a nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor category. That same year, he played the lead role in Chetan Anand's war-drama Haqeeqat. Based on the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the film proved to be a major critical and commercial success, eventually emerging a superhit with one of its song "Kar Chale Ham Fida", a solo by Mohammed Rafi becoming hugely popular among the masses. In 1965, he had another major success in Ram Maheshwari's romantic drama Kaajal. The film also had Meena Kumari, Raaj Kumar and Padmini in the lead.

In 1966, Dharmendra reunited with Kumari for O. P. Ralhan's Phool Aur Patthar. The film topped the box office chart in 1966, becoming a major blockbuster and making him a saleable star. He received his first nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Actor category for the film. The success of Phool Aur Patthar was followed by hits in Mamta, Devar, Anupama and Aaye Din Bahar Ke, the same year. He was also given a souvenir at the 14th National Film Awards in recognition of his performance in Anupama. The next year, he worked in commercially unsuccessful, but critically acclaimed films like - Dulhan Ek Raat Ki opposite Nutan and Majhli Didi, Chandan Ka Palna, both opposite Kumari. Dharmendra hit the big league in 1968 with Atma Ram's mystery thriller Shikar and Ramanand Sagar's spy thriller Ankhen. Both the films opened to positive audience response and proved to be blockbusters at the box office with the latter being the top–earning film that year. His other commercially successful releases of 1968 were – T. 

Prakash Rao's drama film Izzat (in which he played a double role) and Amar Kumar's romantic drama Mere Hamdam Mere Dost. The following year, saw the emergence of superstar Rajesh Khanna, who stormed the nation with back-to-back blockbusters in Aradhana and Do Raaste. With his rise, a number of stars went through career decline. During this phase, Dharmendra and Dev Anand were the only actors who remained unaffected by Khanna's popularity. In 1969, he had a superhit in Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke, followed by three more successful films, which were - Yakeen, Pyar Hi Pyar and Aadmi Aur Insaan. Dharmendra also received immense acclaim for his portrayal of a righteous man in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's social drama film Satyakam, which is widely considered to be his career-best performance by fans as well as critics and went on to win National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.

1970–1977: Superstardom                                                                                                                            In 1970, Dharmendra delivered four major successes and formed a hit pair with Hema Malini His first release was Satyen Bose's crime drama Jeevan Mrityu. An adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's novel The Count of Monte Cristo, it proved to be major critical and commercial success, eventually emerging a blockbuster and one of the top earners of 1970. His next two films, Bhappi Sonie's Tum Haseen Main Jawan and Asit Sen's Sharafat, both opposite Malini proved to be superhits at the box office. This was followed by a flop in Ishq Par Zor Nahin alongside Sadhana and a hit in Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan? with Babita. His final release of that year was Raj Kapoor's magnum opus Mera Naam Joker (in which he played a supporting role). Although the film was a disaster at the time of release, it attained cult status in later years, with many critics hailing it as one of the best Indian films of all time. In 1971, Dharmendra starred in Raj Khosla's action drama Mera Gaon Mera Desh. The film went on to become an All Time Blockbuster and established his image of an action hero. 

The large success of this film also made the industry shift from romantic to action films. Dharmendra received his second nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Actor category for his performance in Mera Gaon Mera Desh. His success continued in the following year with another massive blockbuster in Seeta Aur Geeta, a superhit in Raja Jani and a hit film, Samadhi to go with the major grossers. The mass hysteria created by Mera Gaon Mera Desh in 1971, followed by back-to-back hits with Seeta Aur Geeta, Raja Jani and Samadhi in 1972 took Dharmendra to number one position among his contemporaries, thus making him a "superstar".

1973 was the best year of Dharmendra's career with many successes. His first release, which was A. Bhimsingh's action crime film Loafer, emerged a superhit with its songs, including "Aaj Mausam Bada Be-Imaan", "Main Tere Ishq Mein", "Koi Shehri Babu" becoming immensely popular among the masses and making its soundtrack one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s. This was followed by mystery thriller Jheel Ke Us Paar and action drama Jugnu. While Jheel Ke Us Paar was a hit, the latter proved to be a blockbuster in India as well as Soviet Union, eventually taking second spot at the box office in 1973. Owing to its huge success, Jugnu was also remade in Tamil and Telugu as Guru (1980). His next two releases were - Ravikant Nagaich's spy thriller Keemat and Adurthi Subba Rao's light-hearted drama film Jwaar Bhata. Both the films received critical acclaim and emerged moderately successful Towards the end of the year, Dharmendra appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat, Blackmail and Kahani Kismat Ki. Yaadon Ki Baaraat, directed by Nasir Hussain and written by Salim-Javed is widely identified as the first masala film of Indian cinema and proved to be another blockbuster for the actor as well as the second best-selling Bollywood album of the 1970s. 

On the other hand, Vijay Anand's romantic thriller Blackmail was an unsuccessful venture critically and commercially, but reception later improved, with many calling it one of Anand's most underrated works. The song "Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas" filmed on Dharmendra and Raakhee was a chartbuster and remains popular in modern culture. His final release of the year, Arjun Hingorani's actioner Kahani Kismat Ki continued his dream run and emerged a superhit at the box office. The following year, Dharmendra added one more blockbuster in his kitty with Dulal Guha's social drama Dost co-starring Shatrughan Sinha and Hema Malini. The huge box office success of Dost was followed by moderate successes in Patthar Aur Payal and Resham Ki Dori. For his performance in the latter, Dharmendra received his fourth and final nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Actor category.

The 1975 Emergency had angered the public, and this helped films featuring the lead character revolting against corruption and establishment become successes. The shift from romantic and social movies to action-oriented multi-starrers changed the box office. The year saw the rise of another superstar, Amitabh Bachchan, but Dharmendra remained rock-steady and continued to deliver huge hits.

In 1975, Dharmendra appeared alongside Bachchan in two films. The first was Mukherjee's light-hearted comedy Chupke Chupke. It received positive response from critics and went on to become a hit at the box office. The second was Ramesh Sippy's actioner Sholay. It released on 15 August 1975, Indian Independence Day, in Bombay. Due to lackluster reviews and a lack of effective visual marketing tools, it saw poor financial returns in its first two weeks. However, from the third week onward, viewership picked up owing to positive word of mouth. During the initial slow period, the director and writer considered re-shooting some scenes so that Amitabh Bachchan's character would not die. When business picked up, they abandoned this idea. After additionally releasing a soundtrack containing dialogue snippets, Sholay soon became an "overnight sensation". 

The film was then released in other distribution zones such as Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, and Hyderabad on 11 October 1975. It became the highest-grossing Hindi-language film of 1975, and film ranking website Box Office India has given the film a verdict of All Time Blockbuster. Sholay went on to earn a still-standing record of 60 golden jubilees across India, and was the first film in India to celebrate a silver jubilee at over 100 theatres. It was shown continuously at Bombay's Minerva Theatre for over five years and in Kolkata's Jyoti Cinema for almost two years. Sholay was the Indian film with the longest theatrical run until Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) broke its record of 286 weeks in 2001.

Dharmendra and Bachchan starrer Sholay (1975) recorded an estimated 15-18 crore footfalls, making it the highest grossing Indian film in terms of audience attendance to date.

Before the end of year, he delivered another huge success in Pratiggya. The film along with its strong action scenes also had a significant comic track in the form of "slapstick" comedy which led to it being referred as a "masterpiece in comedy". In 1976, Dharmendra reunited with Ramanand Sagar for the action thriller Charas. Set against the backdrop of the expulsion of Indian community from Uganda by its dictator Idi Amin in 1972, it opened to bumper response all over the nation and emerged a superhit at the box office. His other release of the year, M. A. Thirumugam's family drama film Maa was thrashed by critics, but still went on to become a success. The year 1977 proved to be a big one for Dharmendra with an All Time Blockbuster in Manmohan Desai's action drama Dharam Veer, a superhit in another of Desai's masala film Chacha Bhatija, followed by two more successful films in Arjun Hingorani's mystery thriller Khel Khilari Ka and Pramod Chakravorty's action comedy Dream Girl. In the United Kingdom, Dharam Veer had 23 shows in 5 cities. Driven by the success of Rafi's songs, the film took a record initial of £50,000 in the UK, equivalent to ₹438,140 (US$50,001.71). In addition, the film sold 32 million tickets in the Soviet Union.

1978–1997: Continued success and occasional setbacks. Post-1977, the quality of Dharmendra's films dropped and so the number of huge grossers, but his initial draw remained intact, owing to which the flow of successes continued till the 1990s. In 1978, he had four major releases which included Shalimar, Azaad, Dillagi and Phandebaaz. Out of these, Shalimar and Phandebaaz were critical and commercial failures while Azaad and Dillagi, both co-starring Malini emerged successful, especially the former which was a superhit as well as fourth highest-grossing film of the year. The following year, he added one more superhit in his kitty with Mohan Sehgal's Kartavya and a successful film with Dulal Guha's Dil Kaa Heera.

Dharmendra began the 1980s with Ravi Chopra's big-budget action thriller The Burning Train. The film co-starring Jeetendra, Vinod Khanna, Hema Malini and Parveen Babi didn't live up to the expectations and ended up as an average fare, however gained cult status in later years. His next two releases were - Alibaba Aur 40 Chor and Ram Balram. While the former was a moderate success, the latter in which he reunited with Bachchan proved to be a box office hit. In 1981, he had a superhit in Kaatilon Ke Kaatil, but other releases, such as Aas Paas and Krodhi failed to leave a mark while Brij Sadanah's big-budget actioner Professor Pyarelal ended up as an average grosser. This changed in 1982 as five of his films emerged commercial successes, these were - Rajput, Badle Ki Aag, Ghazab, Baghavat and Samraat.

In 1983, Dharmendra delivered a hit in Rajkumar Kohli's comedy film Naukar Biwi Ka, followed by another success, Qayamat, but his most anticipated film of that year, Kamal Amrohi's period biographical film Razia Sultan was a box office disaster. The next year, he had seven releases, out of which Baazi, Jagir, Jeene Nahi Doonga and Dharm Aur Qanoon did reasonable business, but rest were critical and commercial failures. In 1985, Dharmendra starred in J. P. Dutta's action drama film Ghulami which also had Mithun Chakraborty, Naseeruddin Shah, Reena Roy and Smita Patil in the lead. The film opened to positive reviews from critics and emerged a superhit as well as one of the top five highest-earners of that year. Its song, "Zeehale Muskin Makun ba-Ranjish", sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Shabbir Kumar was a chartbuster and was featured in the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala. The following year, he had another commercial success with Ambrish Sangal's Begaana (1986), co-starring Kumar Gaurav and Rati Agnihotri.

Dharmendra returned to the big league in 1987 by delivering eight successful films in the year. His first two releases were - Rajkumar Kohli's and Raj N. Sippy's actioners Insaniyat Ke Dushman and Loha, respectively, both of which proved to be box office hits. He then appeared in Dadagiri, Hukumat and Aag Hi Aag. While Dadagiri was an average fare, the latter two went on to become superhits with Hukumat emerging as the highest-grossing film of the year. This was followed by T. Rama Rao's hit venture Watan Ke Rakhwale and two more successful films, Insaaf Kaun Karega with Rajinikanth and Insaf Ki Pukar, co-starring Jeetendra. His other huge hits of the decade, include Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988) and Elaan-E-Jung (1989).

With the advent of the 1990s, Dharmendra's star power began to wane. From 1990 to 1992, his successful films included Naakabandi (1990), Veeru Dada (1990), Humse Na Takrana (1990), Kohraam (1991) and Tahalka (1992), which also proved to be his final hit as a lead actor. In 1993, he appeared in J. P. Dutta's ensemble action film Kshatriya co-starring Sunil Dutt, Vinod Khanna, Rakhee Gulzar, Sanjay Dutt, Sunny Deol, Meenakshi Seshadri, Raveena Tandon and Divya Bharti. Kshatriya took a record opening, but collections dropped after it was pulled from theatres owing to Dutt's involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings and it ended up as a flop. In the mid-1990s, he delivered average fares in Policewala Gunda (1995) and Mafia (1996), but his other releases, including biggies, such as Maidan-E-Jung (1995) and Return of Jewel Thief (1996) proved to be box office failures.

In a 2016 feature in The Hindu, film critic Vijay Lokapally noted that Dharmendra’s shift in the late 1980s toward low-budget action cinema echoed the career path of wrestler-actor Dara Singh, who had once dominated India’s working-class entertainment circuit. He observed that as mainstream Hindi cinema became dominated by younger stars such as the "Khan trio" and Akshay Kumar, Dharmendra deliberately targeted a different audience, comprising labourers, small-town viewers, and long-time fans of traditional action heroes, by appearing in quickly produced, low-cost action films screened largely in single theatres across India’s B- and C-circuits. While initially dismissed by the press and some of his admirers as a decline into "B-grade" filmmaking, he argued that Dharmendra’s strategy was in fact pragmatic: these films were economically viable, shot within a month, and sustained his connection with a loyal audience base that valued old-style heroism over the romantic trends of the multiplex era. However, his image as a leading man was affected by his decision to act in a number of low-budget or "B-grade" productions, as evidenced by the fact that despite his blockbusters, super-hits and hits he also holds a record number of flop films, estimated at around 180 titles released between 1960 and 2013, most of those occurring during his "B-grade" phase.

In 1997, Dharmendra received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award. While accepting the award from Dilip Kumar and his wife Saira Banu, he became emotional and remarked that he had never won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor despite having worked in so many successful films and nearly a hundred popular films. Speaking on this occasion Dilip Kumar commented, "Whenever I get to meet with God Almighty, I will set before him my only complaint – why did you not make me as handsome as Dharmendra?".

1998–2025: Shift to character roles-                                                                                                              Since the late-1990s, Dharmendra appeared in character roles. His first film in such a role was Sohail Khan's romantic comedy Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998), co-starring Salman Khan, Kajol and Arbaaz Khan. The film received positive reviews from critics and became a superhit at the box office.

His first two major releases of the new decade were Kaise Kahoon Ke... Pyaar Hai (2003) and Kis Kis Ki Kismat (2004), both of which were box office failures. After this, Dharmendra went on a hiatus for a brief period and returned with three films in 2007. These were - Anurag Basu's drama film Life in a... Metro, Anil Sharma's sports drama Apne and Sriram Raghavan's neo-noir thriller Johnny Gaddaar. Both, Life in a... Metro and Apne proved to be critical and commercial successes. On the other hand, Johnny Gaddaar, despite failing at the box office, received praise from critics and attained cult status in later years. The same year, he made a guest appearance in the song "Deewangi Deewangi" from Farah Khan's blockbuster reincarnation drama Om Shanti Om. In 2011, Dharmendra starred in Yamla Pagla Deewana and Tell Me O Kkhuda. While the latter was a commercial disaster, Yamla Pagla Deewana performed very well and emerged a box office hit. He then appeared in sequels to Yamla Pagla Deewana, Yamla Pagla Deewana 2 (2013) and Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se (2018), but unlike the first film, both the sequels received poor audience response.

In 2023, he appeared in Karan Johar's ensemble family drama Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani. The film opened to a polarising response from reviewers, but grossed over ₹3.5 billion (US$41 million) worldwide and proved to be a hit as well as the tenth highest-grossing Indian film of the year. At the 71st National Awards, it won National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. The following year, Dharmendra co-starred alongside Shahid Kapoor and Kriti Sanon in the romantic comedy Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics, but still did a lifetime business of ₹1.3 billion (US$15 million) worldwide to emerge a commercial success.

The war drama Ikkis (2025), based on the life of Arun Khetarpal was the final film of his illustrious career, however he died before the release of the film.

Frequent collaborations-                                                                                                                    Dharmendra's most successful pairing was with Hema Malini, whom he later married.[25] The couple performed together in many films including Tum Haseen Main Jawaan, Sharafat, Naya Zamana, Seeta Aur Geeta, Raja Jani, Jugnu, Dost, Patthar Aur Payal, Sholay, Charas, Maa, Chacha Bhatija and Azaad.

He has worked with various directors, each with a different style of filmmaking. His longest collaboration was with director Arjun Hingorani from 1960 to 1991. Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere was the debut film of Dharmendra as an actor and Arjun's first directorial venture with Dharmendra as the lead hero. They worked together in Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?, Kahani Kismat Ki, Khel Khilari Ka, Katilon Ke Kaatil and Kaun Kare Kurbanie where Arjun Hingorani was the producer and the director, and Sultanat and Karishma Kudrat Kaa, produced by Arjun Hingorani. He worked with director Pramod Chakravorty in Naya Zamana, Jugnu, Dream Girl and Azaad. Anil Sharma worked with him in many films including Hukumat, Elaan-E-Jung, Farishtay, Tahalka and Apne.

Works in other languages-                                                                                                                          In the starting of his film career he worked in the Bengali film Paari (1966) directed by Jagannath Chatterjee. The film also featured Dilip Kumar and Keshto Mukherjee in key roles.

He has periodically appeared in films in his native tongue of Punjabi, starring in Kankan De Ohle (1970), Do Sher (1974), Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam (1974), Teri Meri Ik Jindri (1975), Putt Jattan De (1982) and Qurbani Jatt Di (1990). He returned to Punjabi cinema after a gap with the 2014 film Double Di Trouble.

Other works- Political career                                                                                                                Dharmendra served as a Member of the Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Bharatiya Janata Party representing Bikaner in Rajasthan from 2004 to 2009. During his election campaign in 2004, he made an offensive remark that he should be elected dictator perpetuo to teach "basic etiquette that democracy requires" for which he was severely criticised. He rarely attended Parliament when the house was in session, preferring to spend time shooting movies or working at his farmhouse, for which he was also widely criticised.

Television-Dharmendra at an event in 2011                                                                                              In 2011, Dharmendra replaced Sajid Khan as the male judge of the third series of popular reality show India's Got Talent. On 29 July 2011, the show aired on Colors TV with Dharmendra as the new judge and surpassed the opening ratings of the previous two seasons.

In 2023, he appeared in his first television acting role as Salim Chisti in the historical series Taj: Divided by Blood which is available on ZEE5.

Producing and presenting films-                                                                                                                In 1983, Dharmendra set up a production company known as Vijayta Films. In its maiden venture Betaab, released in 1983, Vijayta Films launched Dharmendra's elder son Sunny Deol as the lead actor. The film was the second highest-grossing film of the year. In 1990 he produced the action film Ghayal, also starring Sunny. The film won seven Filmfare Awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film. It won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. Dharmendra in 1995 produced Barsaat, the costliest Indian film ever made until then, to launch his son Bobby Deol and Twinkle Khanna. It emerged a superhit and remains the first and only time to date that such a film was made with newcomers.

Legacy-                                                                                                                                                  Dharmendra is widely regarded as one of the most influential personalities in Indian cinema. He was considered one of the most handsome men in the world during his early career and is widely known as the "He-Man" of Bollywood. Rediff.com placed him 10th in its "Top 10 Bollywood Actors of All Time" list.

Dharmendra most notable acting performances include Satyakam with Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Sholay, which is listed by Indiatimes as one of the "top 25 must see Bollywood films of all time". In 2005, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards awarded Sholay the special distinction of Filmfare Best Film of 50 years.

When Dilip Kumar was giving the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award to Dharmendra, he commented, "Whenever I get to meet with God Almighty, I will set before him my only complaint—why did you not make me as handsome as Dharmendra?". One of the most successful actors of the 1970s and 1980s, Dharmendra appeared in Box Office India's "Top Actors" list eighteen times from 1968 to 1984 and 1987. He topped the list four times (1972–1975).

In an interview, Salman Khan said that Dharmendra is the only person he has consistently followed after his father; he admires Dharmendra even more than Dharmendra’s own sons do. He also praised Dharmendra’s enduring appeal, calling him “the most beautiful looking man” because of the innocence and vulnerability in his face combined with a strong physique, a remark that led to Dharmendra being affectionately labelled “macho man". In a 2007 episode of Koffee with Karan, Jaya Bachchan revealed that she had been completely smitten with Dharmendra, describing him as a “Greek god” and even sharing her admiration in front of his wife, Hema Malini. She recalled being so starstruck upon their first meeting that she “hid behind a sofa". Amitabh Bachchan also revealed that Jaya had already told him she admired Dharmendra above all others, saying, “There is nobody in the industry more handsome than him.”

Zeenat Aman described Dharmendra as her favourite co-star, calling him “strikingly handsome” and noting his humble personality, which made her feel at ease during filming. Madhuri Dixit has described Dharmendra as “one of the most handsome persons I have ever seen on screen".

Dharmendra is the only actor to have twice delivered seven successful films in a year. In 1973, his successful films, included Jugnu, Yaadon Ki Baaraat, Loafer, Kahani Kismat Ki, Jheel Ke Us Paar, Keemat and Blackmail while in 1987, his profitable ventures were Hukumat, Aag Hi Aag, Loha, Insaniyat Ke Dushman, Watan Ke Rakhwale, Insaf Ki Pukar and Insaaf Kaun Karega.

In 2022, he was placed in Outlook India's "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list. Controversially, Dharmendra never won an acting award.

Personal life-                                                                                                                                              Dharmendra with his sons, Bobby (on left), Sunny Deol (right hand side). Dharmendra married Prakash Kaur at the age of 19 in 1954, before he entered the film industry. The couple became parents to two sons, Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol, both successful film actors; and two daughters, Vijeta (born in 1962) and Ajeeta (born in 1966). Throughout his life, Dharmendra spent most of his time with Kaur, while Malini lived independently with her children.

After moving to Bombay and entering films, Dharmendra married Hema Malini, which caused controversy at the time since he was already married. Rumours began to circulate about Dharmendra and Hema Malini converting to Islam for this wedding. In 2004, during a political campaign, when the rumours began to circulate again, Dharmendra asserted that he remained a Hindu, the family being Arya Samaji. He and Malini starred together in a number of movies in the early 1970s, including Sholay. The couple had two daughters, Esha Deol (an actress, born in 1981) and Ahana Deol (an assistant director, born in 1985). His grandson, Bobby Deol's son, is also named "Dharam", after him.

Dharmendra had a farmhouse in Lonavala, where he lived during his final years. His family resides in Juhu, Mumbai. In 2023, Dharmendra lamented that Bollywood neglected his family and never appreciated Deol family's contributions to Indian cinema.

In 2001, after developing a serious back ailment that required a prolonged stay in hospital, Dharmendra began writing poetry to cope with the solitude. In subsequent years he was known for composing spontaneous verses, often using them to express reflections on life and the deeper dimensions of human experience. He was particularly fond of Mirza Ghalib.

Health issues and death-                                                                                                                              In 2010, Dharmendra had quit drinking alcohol after what he called a "health scare." He was previously known for his alcohol addiction, even being called "the biggest boozer in Bollywood", as he would drink up to 12 bottles a day.

Between 2015 and 2020, he had multiple health issues, including back pain, muscle strain, and weakness, which occasionally required hospitalisation. In 2025, Dharmendra underwent a corneal transplant surgery after the cornea of his left eye was damaged.

He had also been hospitalised on 31 October 2025 at the Breach Candy Hospital due to breathing difficulties. He was admitted to the ICU for observation and was discharged within a few hours once all his vital parameters stabilised.

On 10 November 2025, Dharmendra was again admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after complaining of respiratory issues. His second wife, Hema Malini, shared on social media that he was under continuous medical supervision. According to reports, he was placed on ventilator support as his condition became critical. Several actors, politicians, and fans across the country expressed their concern and prayed for his speedy recovery.

On 11 November 2025, rumours began circulating on social media and several news channels claiming that Dharmendra had died. The reports spread rapidly, with many media outlets broadcasting the unverified news. His death rumours flooded the internet after Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and poet and lyricist Javed Akhtar even mourned his death in a post. Later, Hema Malini and daughter Esha Deol dismissed the rumours through their social media accounts, confirming that Dharmendra was alive and in stable condition. They condemned the spread of such false information, calling it completely unacceptable and irresponsible.

Dharmendra died on 24 November 2025 at his residence in Mumbai, early on Monday morning, at the age of 89 following age-related illness. He had been receiving treatment at Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai earlier in the month, including a period on ventilator support, but was brought home by his family shortly before his death. His last rites were held at the Pawan Hans crematorium in the Vile Parle Juhu area of Mumbai, with family members and numerous film-industry colleagues in attendance.

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