History of India

                               

India is considered one of the oldest countries in human history. The written history heredates back to 2,500 years ago, and according to other evidence, there has been human existence and history in India since 70,000 years ago. The history of India has remained rich and powerful. From ancient times to modern times, many dynasties have come to power in India. This dynasty ruled India for a long time. The most effective and powerful of these dynasties was the Maurya Empire . The Maurya Empire , also known as the Gupta Empire, was the first effective central government in India. It was the first centralized government in the country. During this period, the rulers brought a large territory under their control andtried to create a welfare system for the people .

The Stone Age murals at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the oldest evidence of human existence. According to archaeologists, early humans entered India about 70,000 years ago. Around 9,000 years ago, rural and urban human settlements began in India and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley Civilization on the banks of the Indus River. The Indus Valley Civilization is considered to have begun around 3500 BC . The Indus Valley Civilization began in the northwestern region of India, in what is now Pakistan . The excavated cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa , although located in Pakistan today, are considered part of Indian history. These cities were discovered by Dayaramji Sahni . Some historians believe that the Indus Valley Civilization was destroyed by successive invasions by Aryan tribes from Europe and Central Asia , which led to the Vedic period. Earlier researchers believed that the Harappa and Mohenjodaro civilizations were one and the same. 

Although this is a matter of debate, there is no doubt that the Indus Valley Civilization and the events of the Vedic period took place on the banks of the Indus and Saraswati rivers . The Saraswati river disappeared due to surface changes over time . It has been proven from scientific evidence that the ancient Saraswati river flowed through Punjab , Rajasthan and Kutch , Gujarat . The roots of Indian civilization were planted during the Vedic period. During the Middle Vedic period, the Vedic culture of the Indus Valley spread to the Ganges valley. The period from 1000 BC to 600 BC is generally considered to be the post-Vedic period . During this period, Janapadas came into existence. These Janapadas were small kingdoms . These Janapadas are groups of people. The "Dasaragyna War" on the banks of the Ravi river is famous among the leaders of these groups. The "Dasaragyna War" on the banks of the Ravi river was lived along with the groups of these Vedic people. These districts were spread from present-day Afghanistan in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent to Bihar , Bengal , Odisha in the east and Maharashtra in the south . 

Some part of present-day Maharashtra was covered by these districts at that time . Sanskrit The names of these Janapadas are found in Pali and Ardhamagadhi literature . Information about them is also available from the writings of Greek historians. Some of them had a monarchy in the post , while others had a republican system. At that time , 16 such Janapadas existed. In the Janapadas that were republics, the members of the council called Gana Parishad , the eldest person , used to discuss together and take decisions related to the administration of the state. The hall where such discussions took place was called Santagara . '''Gautama Buddha''' was the prince of the Shakya Republic in Nepal . Separate coins of each Janapada were in circulation. The mention of Janapadas comes from the ancient religious literature of the time. In this, Janapadas and republics are mentioned in the Tripitaka of Buddhism and the texts of Jainism . The Kosala Mahajanapada was spread over the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal and Uttar Pradesh. The cities of Sravasti, Kushavati and Saket were famous in this state. Sravasti was the capital of the Kosala Mahajanapada. Gautama Buddha stayed for a long time in the famous monastery of Chetvani in Sravasti. 

The Kosala king Prasenjit was a contemporary of Vardhman Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. The kingdom of Kosala merged with Magadha . Like Kosala, Vatsa , Avanti and Magadha also existed as large Mahajanapadas . To the north of Magadha was the Lichchhavi kingdom of Vrujji . Vaishali was its capital. The king of Magadha conquered the Lichchhavi kingdom and merged it with Magadha. The Vatsa Mahajanapada expanded to the region around Prayag in Uttar Pradesh . Kosam, which would become the ancient Kaushambi , was an important trading center. Three very wealthy merchants from Kaushambi had built three monasteries for Gautama Buddha and his followers . King Udayana was a contemporary of Gautam Buddha. After King Udayana , the independent existence of the Vatsa Mahajana post did not last long. It was conquered by the king of the Avanti Mahajana post. The place of the post has been important in the history of ancient India. It was through the emergence of the Janapadas of this period that the sovereign As this power took shape, a great expansion of power took place in its territories, and many glorious kingdoms were formed in the countries.

In the 3rd century BC, after the invasion of the Greek emperor Alexander , many political changes took place. Alexander conquered part of India up to the Ganges valley and appointed his Greek governors there . After leaving India, he died in Greece . After Alexander 's death, uprisings began in the Indian territories under Greek control. The historical history of India begins from here. Chandragupta Maurya, with the help of the Aryan Chanakya , founded the Maurya Empire of Magadha . Before that, he defeated the last king of the Nanda dynasty in Magadha, Dhanananda . The Maurya Empire reached its peak with his grandson Emperor Ashoka . It expanded to the western borders of India. After the human cruelty in the Kalinga War, Ashoka followed the path of peace and non-violence and accepted Buddhism. Buddhism spread widely in India during this period. The Mauryan emperors after Ashoka were not very influential, which led to the decline of the Mauryan Empire. The last Mauryan emperor, Bruhadrata, was assassinated by his general Pushyamitra Shuga and the Shuga dynasty was established. Some time later, the Shuga minister Vasudeva Kanva assassinated the Shuga king and the Kanva dynasty was established. After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, several Greek invasions occurred in northern India for some time. For some time, some parts of India were under Greek rule. The Gupta Empire , founded in the 3rd century, ruled most of India for a long time. The Satavahana dynasty established its power and empire. This period is considered the Golden Age of India. 

During this period, the long-standing influence of Buddhism gradually declined and the earlier Vedic religion was rebuilt in a different form. Pratishthan (present-day Paithan ) in Maharashtra was their capital. Around the 9th century CE, the rule of the Gurjar Pratiharas was established in Uttar Pradesh. Kannauj was their capital. India made great strides in the fields of literature , mathematics , science , philosophy, etc. India was a very advanced country in terms of trade during this period. Many empires emerged in South India. The Pandyas of Tamil Nadu , The progress in art and architecture of the Chola Empire , Chera , Vijayanagara Empire /State, Satavahanas in Maharashtra , Yadavs , Vidarbha is still noticeable today. The ancient cities of Ajanta , Verula , Hampi , and ancient temples in the South were built during this period. The expansion of the Chola Empire reached Indonesia in Southeast Asia . The Chalukya , Rashtrakuta , Parmar , Kakatiya , and Hoysala kingdoms emerged. Like the Greeks, the Shakas , Huns , and Kushanas also invaded India . The temples built by the Chandel Rajput dynasty in Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh are famous.

In the 11th century, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim of Iran invaded the Sindh province and defeated the Dahir king there and captured the province. After this, many Islamic invasions came and Islamic rule was imposed on a large part of India. Many states of India were economically very advanced. The main objective of the Islamic invasions was to seize power and plunder. A ruler named Mahmud of Ghazni planned 17 campaigns of plunder in India. Historians state that the siege of Delhi by the Mongol emperor Timur Lang was the most brutal incident in human history. Afghan ruler Muhammad Ghori invaded India. He clashed with Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput king of Ajaymeru (present-day Ajmer ). After eight wars, Prithviraj Chauhan died. Muhammad Ghori appointed his slave Qutubuddin Aibak as the governor of the conquered Indian territory. Muhammad Ghori later returned to Afghanistan. After the death of Muhammad Ghori, Qutubuddin declared his independence. His successors ruled India for the next few years. Later, his general Jalaluddin Khilji revolted against him and seized power. In the 13th century, his nephew Alauddin Khilji treacherously assassinated him and became the ruler. He ruled from Afghanistan to Bengal . The history of Rajput Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor in Rajasthan and Queen Padmavati is not to be forgotten. From the Delhi Sultanate to the Mughals, many Islamic kingdoms emerged. Hasan Gangu Bahamani established the Bahamani Empire/State in Maharashtra. 

Some parts of North Karnataka were also included in this empire/state. There was conflict between the Bahamani Empire/State and the Vijayanagar Empire/State. Later, the Bahamani Empire/State was divided into five parts. The Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar , the Adilshahi of Bijapur , the Qutubshahi of Golconda , the Imadshahi of Ellichpur (present-day Achalpur ) , and the Baridshahi of Bidar were formed. They also struggled for the expansion of the empire. Four of these five kingdoms attacked Vijayanagar and put an end to it. In the power struggle among themselves, the kingdoms of Ellichpur and Bidar were destroyed over time. The Mughal Emperor /Emperor Shah Jahan The Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar was conquered. There was a struggle between the Mughals and the Islamic states of South India for the expansion of the empire. During the Mughal rule, some Rajput states challenged the Mughals. The Sikh Empire/State was established in Punjab under the leadership of Maharaj Ranjit Singh . The Maratha Empire, Swarajya was established in Maharashtra under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , whose main objective was to re-establish the rule of the natives in India. After the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , son of Shah Jahan , the Mughal Empire began to decline. 

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj resisted the Mughals and the Adilshahi of Bijapur in South India and the Qutubshahi of Golconda, and the three foreign powers , the English, the French, and the Portuguese . Among them, he signed a treaty of friendship with the Qutubshahi and the French. After the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb/Mughals attacked/attacked the Maratha kingdom. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's son Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj fought with the Mughals. Aurangzeb treacherously captured Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj and killed him. After the death of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj led the Marathas. When the Mughal general Diler Khan besieged and conquered Raigad , the capital of the Marathas, Rajaram Maharaj had to leave Raigad and flee to Jinji in Tamil Nadu . Rajaram Maharaj died due to natural illness. Aurangzeb imprisoned Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's wife Yesubai and son Shahu . After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughals freed Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and Maharani Yesubai to create division among the Marathas. 

Chhatrapati Shahu and Maharani Yesubai were freed. Shahu and Shahu defeated Tarabai in the war of Rajaram's wife Tarabai . The Maratha kingdom was divided. After that, the Peshwas gradually started expanding the Maratha empire. After the Maratha Empire, the Peshwas came and established their main capital in Pune . The Peshwas were established in Maharashtra. The Peshwas became the rulers of the Maratha Empire. The first Bajirao Peshwa was a talented politician. His dream was to rule up to the Himalayas. During the reign of Nanasaheb, the son of the first Bajirao Peshwa, the Peshwas began to fall after a crushing defeat in the third battle of Panipat against the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali . The European imperialists benefited the most from this. Since the sixteenth century, many European countries had established colonies using trade as an excuse and they expanded their imperialist empires.The policy was moving forward. The British , Portuguese , French , Dutch were struggling to assert their dominance in India. 

The British, naturally, with their developed weapons and war skills as well as diplomacy and political intrigue, gradually brought all the states of India under their rule. Starting from Bengal , the Sultan of Mysore in Karnataka , Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan , the Maratha Empire in 1818, the Sikh kingdom/empire and the Jat kingdoms/empires in Punjab around 1850, enslaved almost the entire India under the rule of the East India Company. The East India Company government, in turn, exploited India economically. The French/French captured Padicherry and Chandranagar and the Portuguese captured Goa , Diu , Daman and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Their Mandalic states /states of India rejected their adopted heirs and made them Khalsa. In 1857, Indian soldiers in the British army revolted, and its repercussions spread throughout India. Although the revolt against the British failed, the desire to gain independence from the British was awakened among Indians. After the revolt, the administration of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British government of England .

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru with Mahatma Gandhi in 1937                                                                          Under the leadership of Lokmanya Tilak , the Indian National Congress launched a national independence movement in the early twentieth century . After Tilak's death in 1920, Gandhi took over the reins of the movement and carried out many movements through non-violence and non-cooperation. Some armed revolutionary organizations also emerged. Finally, after the Second World War, India gained independence from Britain on 15 August 1947 , but for this, the Muslim- majority part of today's Pakistan and Bangladesh had to be separated. This history of partition is very sad. The creator of modern India and a unique multi-faceted scholar , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, wrote the world's greatest and largest Constitution of India in just 3 years, despite his health, with great effort . The author of the Constitution, Babasaheb, submitted the ' Constitution of India ' to the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 . And on January 26, 1950 , the implementation of the Indian Constitution began, India became a republic and today it is the largest democratic country in the world. India became a federation . After 1956, linguistic provinces were formed in India. France handed over its Indian colonies to India after a referendum in the colonies . India had to fight the Portuguese. In 1961, India sent its army and liberated Goa , Diu , Daman and Dadra and Nagar Haveli from the Portuguese yoke.

After independence, India has moved forward with a moderate pace of economic and social reforms. Terrorism / terrorism has become a major security issue in India due to the violence in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab in the 1980s and the violence and poverty-stricken tribal areas in the northeastern states of Assam , Manipur , Mizoram , and Nagaland . Since 1990, terrorist/terrorism attacks have occurred in various cities of India. India has disputes over its borders with China and Pakistan, which led to wars in 1962 , 1947 , 1965 , 1971 , and 1999. India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations . In 1974 and 1998, India successfully conducted underground nuclear tests at Pokhran in Rajasthan and proved itself as a nuclear power. After 1991, India has made rapid economic progress after adopting economic reforms. India has made significant achievements in the software sector in particular. Gol Gum Islamic Architecture.

Ancient Indus Valley Civilization- Brahmin king in the Indus Valley Civilization                                      The Indus Valley Civilization is a Chalcolithic civilization of India. It was primarily located along the Indus River, the Saraswati River, and its tributaries (the five major rivers of Punjab). It also flourished from the Ganges and Yamuna basins to northern Afghanistan. Evidence for the existence of the Indus Valley Civilization was brought to light by Dayaram Sahni in 1921. In the same year, experimental excavations were carried out at Harappa in Punjab, which revealed the Chalcolithic nature of the Indus Valley Civilization. Rakhaldas Banerjee discovered Mohenjo-daro in 1922. After this, Sir John Marshall (Director General of the Department of Archaeology, 1902–1928), E. J. H. Mackay, Madhoswarup Vats , Sir Mortimer Wheeler, etc. Researchers conducted extensive excavations. In addition, the survey revealed many ancient sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in Sindh-Punjab (present-day Pakistan). Since the Indus Valley was the repository of this Chalcolithic civilization, it was named the Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization.